This manual addresses the perceived and real problems associated with safety and security on public housing estates. It draws from a critical review of practice in Australia and overseas and it describes the measures that may be effective in particular circumstances.
 
The manual is a first step it what will be an evolving learning process.  It is proposed that the procedures, approaches and techniques outlined will be refined and added to as outcomes are monitored and new lessons are learned.  

Contents

Contents ................................ ................................ ......................1
Glossary ................................ ................................ ......................5
1  Introduction ................................ ................................ ..........7
1.1  Purpose of This Manual........................................................................................................7
1.2  Feedback Procedures...........................................................................................................7
2  Background ................................ ................................ ...........8
2.1  Public Housing Overseas......................................................................................................8
2.2  Public Housing in Australia...................................................................................................8
2.3  Public Housing in Victoria.....................................................................................................9
3  Theoretical Perspectives on the Problem ...............................10
3.1  Definitions.........................................................................................................................10
3.2  Criminology Theories .........................................................................................................10
3.2.1  Social Exclusion, Crime and Public Housing..........................................................10
3.2.2  Environmental Criminology & Situational Crime Prevention ..................................11
3.2.3  Displacement Effects ...........................................................................................12
3.2.4  The Shifting Understanding of Safety and Security...............................................13
4  A Typology of Safety and Security Problems ..........................14
4.1  Defining Threats to Safety and Security.............................................................................14
4.2  Objective and Subjective Problems ....................................................................................14
4.3  ‘Drug’ Problems.................................................................................................................15
4.4  Territoriality ......................................................................................................................16
4.5  Crime Statistics .................................................................................................................17
4.5.1  Reporting of Crime ..............................................................................................18
4.5.2  Repeat Victimisation............................................................................................18
4.6  A Classification of Problems ...............................................................................................19
5  Classification of Actions ................................ .......................20
5.1  ‘Environmental’ Activity .....................................................................................................21
5.1.1  Introduction........................................................................................................21
5.1.2  Urban Design ......................................................................................................21
5.2  Social Activity....................................................................................................................23
5.2.1  Community Renewal ............................................................................................23
5.2.2  Education and Developmental Crime Prevention ..................................................26
5.2.3  Community Policing.............................................................................................27
5.3  Assessment and Evaluation................................................................................................28
5.3.1  Assessment.........................................................................................................28
5.3.2  Evaluation...........................................................................................................30
6  Action in Practice ................................ ................................ .34
6.1  Environmental Initiatives ...................................................................................................34
6.1.1  International Experience......................................................................................34
6.1.2  Australian Experience..........................................................................................37
6.2  Social Initiatives ................................................................................................................41
6.2.1  International Experience......................................................................................41
6.2.2  Australian Experience..........................................................................................46
6.3  Assessment & Evaluation Initiatives...................................................................................50
6.3.1  International Experience......................................................................................50
6.3.2  Australian Experience..........................................................................................51
6.4  Lessons Learned from Best Practice ...................................................................................52
6.4.1  What Works?.......................................................................................................52
7  References ................................ ................................ ..........54
8  Introducing the Toolkit ................................ ........................57
8.1  Toolkit Basics ....................................................................................................................57
8.2  The Process.......................................................................................................................58
8.2.1  Assessment.........................................................................................................58
8.2.2  Understanding the problem.................................................................................59
8.2.3  Feedback and Evaluation .....................................................................................60
8.3  Problem Types...................................................................................................................61
 
C1.1  Introduction ......................................................................................................................63
C1.2  Background .......................................................................................................................64
C1.3  Action................................................................................................................................69
C1.4  Resources..........................................................................................................................73
 
C2.1  Introduction ......................................................................................................................75
C2.2  Background .......................................................................................................................76
C2.3  Action................................................................................................................................80
C2.4  Resources..........................................................................................................................83
 
C3.1  Introduction  .....................................................................................................................86
C3.2  Background .......................................................................................................................88
C3.3  Action................................................................................................................................94
C3.4  Resources..........................................................................................................................97 
 C4.1  Introduction ....................................................................................................................100
C4.2  Background .....................................................................................................................101
C4.3  Action  ............................................................................................................................105
C4.4  Resources  ......................................................................................................................109
 
C5.1  Introduction ....................................................................................................................111
C5.2  Background ....................................................................................................................112
C5.3  Action..............................................................................................................................113
C5.4  Resources........................................................................................................................116
 
S1.1  Introduction ....................................................................................................................119
S1.2  Background .....................................................................................................................119
S1.3  Action  ............................................................................................................................120
S1.4  Resources........................................................................................................................124
 
S2.1  Introduction  ...................................................................................................................126
S2.2  Background ....................................................................................................................126
S2.3  Action  ............................................................................................................................127
S2.4  Resources  ......................................................................................................................131
 
P1.1  Introduction  ...................................................................................................................133
P1.2  Background .....................................................................................................................134
P1.3  Action  to top ..................................................................................................................135
P1.4  Resources to top..............................................................................................................138 

For detail, please see the attachments